Written by Dr Sara Tookey
As an ADHD person and psychologist specialising in adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), I've encountered numerous misconceptions about ADHD as a condition or set of traits. These myths can be particularly detrimental to adults who may not align with the stereotypical ADHD image, leading to delayed diagnoses, self-doubt, and unnecessary struggles.
At True North Psychology, we advocate for a neurodiversity-affirming perspective that acknowledges both the challenges and strengths associated with ADHD. Let's explore and debunk some prevalent ADHD myths, understanding their impact on individuals and society.
Myth #1: ADHD is Always a Disorder and a Deficiency
While ADHD is categorised as a disorder in diagnostic manuals, viewing it solely through this lens can be restrictive. Neurodiversity theory sees ADHD and other conditions, like Autism and dyslexia as natural variations in brain structure and function, not inherently dysfunctional (Sonuga-Barke and Thapar, 2021).
In fact, some experts argue that the term "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" itself is misleading and potentially harmful. Dr. Edward Hallowell and Dr. John Ratey, both leading experts in ADHD, propose that a more accurate term would be "Variable Attention Stimulus Trait" (VAST). They argue that individuals with ADHD don't have a deficit of attention, but rather an abundance of it. The challenge lies in controlling and directing that attention (Hallowell & Ratey, 2024).
This shift in perspective is crucial for adults with ADHD. Many professionals argue that ADHD is not a deficit of attention, but a problem with ‘regulating attention’ and that it is just a matter of time before the diagnostic criteria and definition of ADHD catches up. Understanding ADHD as a difference rather than a deficit can help to support the building of self-esteem and coping strategies for adults with ADHD.
For many “high-functioning adults”, ADHD traits can also be great strengths (to learn more about these and other strengths read our blog on high-functioning ADHD HERE). These can include:
Creativity and innovation
Hyperfocus
Cognitive flexibility
Resilience
The neurodiversity approach emphasises that challenges often arise from a mismatch between the individual and their environment, rather than from inherent deficits (Sonuga-Barke and Thapar, 2021). For example in working spaces where staff are made to work in open-plan offices people with ADHD may find it challenging to focus due to increased distractions. Noise cancelling headphones or having dedicated individual working spaces may help to support ADHD staff to regulate their attention and focus on tasks.
Myth #2: Intelligent People Can Overcome ADHD Alone
Cognitive ability and ADHD are distinct attributes. Many highly intelligent and successful people, including historical figures like Alexander Graham Bell, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, John F. Kennedy, John Lennon, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart likely had ADHD. Their high intelligence may have helped them to compensate and mask their symptoms from many, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and support, and potential for burnout later in life.
Research shows that ADHD affects individuals across all intelligence levels, and having a high IQ does not shield someone from the challenges of ADHD. High-IQ adults with ADHD often experience significant cognitive difficulties, such as impaired working memory and processing speed, similar to those with average IQs. These individuals may excel in areas requiring divergent thinking—creative, out-of-the-box approaches—but struggle with tasks that demand accuracy, logic, and speed. Despite their talents, they frequently face functional impairments, poorer quality of life, and higher rates of comorbid conditions like depression, OCD and generalised anxiety (Antshel et al., 2010).
High-IQ adults with ADHD also grapple with a unique set of emotional challenges. Many internalise their intellect as a core part of their identity, leading to an intense fear of failure. This can result in perfectionism, chronic self-monitoring, and a relentless drive to appear competent in all areas of their lives. However, this often comes at a high emotional cost, leaving them burdened, exhausted, and isolated (read more about ADHD burnout from our previous article). They may feel compelled to hide their struggles, fearing that revealing their difficulties would expose them as frauds. Ultimately, intelligence does not negate the impact of ADHD; it simply complicates the path to diagnosis and effective management (Littman, 2022).
Myth #3: Everyone is a Little ADHD in Today's World
This myth suggests that ADHD is a modern phenomenon caused by our fast-paced, technology-driven society. However, this view overlooks the long history and biological basis of ADHD.
ADHD has been recognised in medical literature for over a century, albeit under different names. In 1798 a Scottish physician, Dr Alexander Crichton first described a condition he named it “the Fidgets”, based on behavioural observations that align with today’s ADHD criteria (read more about the history in our blog article addressing the adult ADHD “trend”). This early recognition underscores that ADHD is not a product of the modern world but a longstanding neurodevelopmental condition.
While our current environment may exacerbate ADHD symptoms or make them more noticeable, it doesn't cause the underlying neurological differences. However, it's important to note that modern society, with its relentless time pressures, constant digital communications, and ever-increasing work expectations, can be particularly challenging for individuals with ADHD. This fast-paced environment may exacerbate the risk of burnout and perpetuate a cycle of stress, especially for high-achieving individuals with ADHD who strive to meet high standards, often without appropriate accommodations for their neurodivergent traits. The interplay between ADHD and our current societal structure is a complex issue that merits further exploration.
ADHD has a strong genetic component, as evidenced by research highlighting its neurobiological roots (Faraone & Larsson, 2019).
For high-achieving adults with ADHD, this myth can be particularly frustrating. It may lead to dismissive attitudes like “we’re all ADHD these days" or suggestions to simply "unplug" more often. While managing technology use and reducing overstimulation can be helpful strategies, they alone won't address the core challenges of ADHD.
Recognising the long history and biological basis of ADHD can help to validate the experiences of those with the condition and emphasises the importance of comprehensive, evidence-based management and support.
Myth #4: ADHD Only Affects Hyperactive Children
The notion of ADHD as a childhood condition characterised by hyperactivity is outdated. While ADHD has long been viewed as a disorder of childhood, research shows that up to 90% of children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms into adulthood (Sibley et al., 2022). Estimates vary, but research suggests around 4-5% of adults in the US and UK have ADHD. The true prevalence may be considerably higher.
Many adults learn they have ADHD after one of their children is diagnosed, or when they seek help for a co-occurring problem like anxiety or depression. Some couples identify undiagnosed ADHD as the key factor in their marital issues (Kahveci Öncü et al., 2022 - more on this in a future article).
Many adults, particularly women or those with primarily inattentive ADHD, don't fit the hyperactive stereotype. For high-functioning adults, ADHD often manifests in less visible but still very impactful ways:
Challenges with prioritisation and time management
Procrastination followed by intense periods of hyperfocus
Emotional intensity and heightened sensitivity to rejection
Overthinking and decision paralysis
Difficulty "quieting" an active mind
Understanding these adult presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and support. Understanding that ADHD affects people beyond childhood—and in ways that go beyond hyperactivity—helps ensure that those identifying with the ADHD experience receive the appropriate care and access to supportive resources.
Myth #5: ADHD is the Same for Everyone
This myth suggests that ADHD manifests uniformly in all individuals, leading to misconceptions about diagnosis and treatment. In reality, ADHD is a highly heterogeneous condition, with symptoms and challenges varying significantly from person to person.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) recognises three distinct presentations of ADHD:
Predominantly Inattentive: Characterised by difficulties with focus, organisation, and following through on tasks.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: Marked by excessive energy, restlessness, and impulsive behaviour.
Combined Type: Involves a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
However, even within these categories, individual experiences can differ greatly (Sonuga-Barke and Thapar, 2021). For high-achieving adults, ADHD might manifest in unique ways that don't align with stereotypical symptoms. Some may excel in high-pressure situations but struggle with routine tasks, while others might focus intensely in their area of expertise but find everyday responsibilities overwhelming.
Additionally, ADHD often co-occurs with other neurodivergent conditions such as dyslexia, autism, or anxiety, with studies showing that more than 50% of individuals with ADHD have at least one other co-occurring condition (Katzman et al., 2017). This further diversifies its presentation and complicates diagnosis and treatment.
Understanding the diverse nature of ADHD is crucial for proper diagnosis and effective treatment. It underscores the need for personalised approaches to ADHD management, rather than one-size-fits-all solutions. For high-achieving adults, recognizing this diversity can validate their unique experiences and challenges, even if they don't fit the "typical" ADHD profile.
Myth #6: ADHD is Not a Legitimate Medical Condition
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence, there persists a misconception that ADHD is not a genuine medical disorder. This myth can be particularly harmful, as it undermines the experiences of those living with ADHD and can hinder access to necessary support and treatment.
Neuroimaging studies have consistently shown structural and functional differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD compared to those without the condition (Yu et al., 2022). These differences include alterations in key neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate, which are crucial for attention, motivation, and impulse control.
Genetic research further supports ADHD's biological basis. Studies of identical twins show a high concordance rate for ADHD, indicating a substantial genetic component - such that individuals with a family history of ADHD are 4 to 6 times more likely to have the condition, and nearly half of children with ADHD have at least one parent with ADHD (Uchida et al., 2021).
Despite this robust scientific foundation, individuals with ADHD often face unfair judgement and labelling. They frequently encounter challenges such as:
Lack of appropriate accommodations in educational and workplace settings
Delayed diagnosis, especially in adults or those who don't fit the stereotypical ADHD profile
Scepticism from others questioning the validity of ADHD as a real condition
This scepticism can lead to delayed treatment, inadequate support, and unnecessary suffering. Recognising ADHD as a legitimate neuro-developmental condition is important for ensuring that individuals receive timely diagnosis, appropriate accommodations, and effective treatment. Dispelling this myth fosters a more understanding and supportive environment for those living with ADHD.
Myth #7: ADHD is an Excuse for Laziness
One of the most damaging myths about ADHD is the belief that individuals with the condition are simply unmotivated or lazy. In reality, many adults with ADHD are incredibly driven, often pushing themselves to the point of exhaustion in an effort to overcome their challenges.
ADHD is a neurological condition, not a matter of willpower or discipline. The ADHD brain exhibits differences in dopamine functioning, making it difficult to initiate and sustain focus on non-stimulating tasks, regardless of the individual’s intentions or work ethic (Volkow et al., 2009). Even simple tasks like sorting mail or answering emails can be daunting because they require significantly more mental energy for someone with ADHD. This isn't laziness; it’s a genuine neurological challenge.
This misconception fails to recognise the neurobiological basis of ADHD. It's not a matter of simply trying harder or having more discipline. ADHD involves differences in brain structure and functioning, particularly in areas responsible for executive functions like attention regulation, impulse control, and working memory (Faraone & Larsson, 2019).
For high-achieving adults with ADHD, this myth can be especially harmful. Many have spent years pushing themselves to extremes, believing that more willpower could help them overcome their struggles. This often leads to cycles of burnout and self-reproach. Recognising ADHD as a legitimate neurobiological condition is essential to moving past this harmful misconception and providing proper support for those affected.
Myth #8: Adults with ADHD Are Unable to Succeed in Academic, Professional or High-Achieving Careers
Contrary to this myth, many adults with ADHD excel in their careers, particularly when they find roles that align with their strengths and passions. The cognitive style associated with ADHD often fosters innovative thinking, creative problem-solving, and intense focus on projects of interest—traits highly valued in numerous professions (White & Shah, 2011).
High-achieving adults with ADHD often thrive in dynamic, fast-paced environments where their ability to think on their feet and juggle multiple tasks and high-stress environments sets them apart. From entrepreneurs and artists to emergency physicians and journalists, individuals with ADHD have made significant contributions across a wide range of industries.
However, success in the professional realm doesn't mean that ADHD's challenges disappear. Many high-functioning adults with ADHD may excel at work but struggle with personal relationships, self-care, or other aspects of life. Recognizing the broad impact of ADHD is crucial for providing comprehensive support and effective management strategies.
This myth oversimplifies the diverse experiences of those with ADHD, ignoring both their potential for success and the unique challenges they face.
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Myth #9: Medication is the Only Effective Treatment for Adult ADHD
While medication can be an effective tool for managing ADHD symptoms, it is not the only approach, and it isn’t suitable for everyone. A comprehensive treatment plan for adult ADHD often includes a combination of strategies beyond medication.
Effective alternatives include psychotherapy tailored for ADHD, mindfulness practices, executive function coaching, lifestyle changes, environmental adjustments, community support groups, and assistive technologies (Knouse et al., 2008). Each individual's treatment should be personalised to address their unique needs and preferences.
Myth #10: People with ADHD Can't Focus on Anything
This myth misunderstands how attention functions in individuals with ADHD. Rather than an inability to focus, ADHD involves difficulty regulating attention. People with ADHD often experience periods of intense hyperfocus on tasks they find interesting or challenging (Ashinoff & Abu-Akel, 2021).
While this can lead to exceptional productivity and creativity, it also makes it difficult to shift attention to less stimulating but necessary tasks. As our understanding of ADHD evolves, the term "deficit" may be updated to "dysregulation" to more accurately reflect these experiences.
Myth #11: ADHD is Caused by Inadequate Parenting
The belief that ADHD is caused by poor parenting is a damaging misconception. Scientific evidence clearly shows that ADHD is rooted in neurobiology, not parenting styles. While a structured environment can support individuals with ADHD, it does not cause or cure the condition.
Parents often feel unnecessary guilt, believing they could have prevented their child's ADHD through better discipline or control. However, attempts to “control” ADHD behaviours through constant discipline can often exacerbate the difficulties. This misunderstanding can lead to undue stress and societal judgement of the child and the parents, as ADHD-related behaviours like impulsivity or restlessness are mistakenly viewed as signs of poor upbringing.
ADHD is a complex neuro-developmental condition that often requires professional intervention. Psychotherapy, medication (when appropriate), and other evidence-based treatments are often necessary components of effective ADHD management. These interventions go beyond what even the most skilled parenting can provide alone.
Recognising ADHD as a neurological difference, rather than a reflection of parenting failures, is essential for reducing parental guilt and focusing on effective support strategies. This understanding fosters acceptance and helps implement the right support systems for individuals with ADHD and their families.
Myth #12: People with ADHD Can't Be Mindful or Meditate
This myth assumes that the restlessness and inattention associated with ADHD make mindfulness practices impossible or ineffective for those with the condition.
In fact, research shows that mindfulness and meditation can be particularly beneficial for people with ADHD, helping to improve attention, reduce impulsivity, and enhance emotional regulation (Mitchell et al., 2015).
Although traditional sitting meditation may be challenging for those with ADHD, many alternative mindfulness practices can be adapted to suit their needs. These might include:
brief mindfulness exercises
yoga and mindful movement
guided visualisations and modified meditations for ADHD
Each of these methods can help individuals with ADHD incorporate mindfulness into their daily routine in a way that aligns with their unique cognitive style.
For high-achieving adults with ADHD, finding the right mindfulness approach can be a valuable tool for managing stress and improving focus. It's important to explore various techniques and select those that fit best with personal preferences and lifestyle.
While mindfulness can be an effective part of ADHD management, it is not a substitute for comprehensive treatment. Integrating mindfulness with other evidence-based interventions can provide a holistic approach to managing ADHD.
Conclusion & Summary:
Many common beliefs about adult ADHD are based on outdated or oversimplified understandings of this dynamic neurotype. By challenging these myths with current research and clinical insights, we can promote a more accurate, empathetic and effective approach to supporting ADHD in adults.
Recap of the Key Points:
ADHD is a neurological difference with both challenges and strengths, not simply a disorder or disability.
ADHD can affect individuals of all intelligence levels, including highly intelligent and successful people.
Adult ADHD can manifest differently from childhood ADHD and can impact various aspects of executive functioning
ADHD is rooted in neurobiological differences, not laziness or lack of willpower.
Many adults with ADHD succeed professionally, often excelling in dynamic environments.
Effective ADHD management often involves a multi-faceted approach beyond medication alone.
ADHD affects attention regulation, which can include periods of intense focus (hyper-focus) as well as distractibility.
Understanding these realities about ADHD can be the first step toward developing effective strategies for managing the challenges and leveraging strengths. It's important for individuals who suspect they may have ADHD to seek support, information to develop deeper self-understanding and/ a diagnostic assessment.
Resources are available for those looking to learn more about adult ADHD or seek support. Organisations like CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) offer valuable information and resources.
At True North Psychology, we're committed to providing neurodiversity-affirming care and support for adults with ADHD traits (including self-identified or self-diagnosed ADHD - also valid). If you're seeking more information or professional support, we encourage you to explore the resources available in your community or enquire about our online assessment and support service. We're here to guide you on that journey of self-discovery and empowerment.
Note: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified mental health professional for personalised guidance.
WANT TO LEARN MORE?
Below are recommended resources and supportive communities exploring Adult ADHD.
ADHD Books:
ADHD an A-Z: Figuring it Out Step by Step by Leanne Maskell
ADHD 2.0 by Edward M. Hallowell, M.D. and John J. Ratey , M.D.
Driven to Distraction: Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder from Childhood Through Adulthood by Edward M. Hallowell, M.D. and John J. Ratey, M.D.
The ADHD Effect on Marriage by Melissa Orlov
Understand, Survive and Thrive - Midlife ADHD Diagnosis by Emma Mahony
Your Brain’s Not Broken: Strategies for Navigating Your Emotions and Life with ADHD - by Tamara Rosier
The Year I Met My Brain: A travel companion for adults who have just found out they have ADHD - by Matilda Boseley
Women with Attention Deficit Disorder: Embrace Your Differences and Transform Your Life - by Sari Solden
The Mindfulness Prescription for Adult ADHD: An 8-Step Program for Strengthening Attention, Managing Emotions, and Achieving Your Goals - by Lidia Zylowska
Order from Chaos by Jaclyn Paul
Books about Neurodiversity
Different, Not Less: A Neurodivergent's Guide to Embracing Your True Self and Finding Your Happily Ever After -by Chloe Hayden
Divergent Mind: Thriving in a World That Wasn’t Designed For You - by Jenara Nerenberg
How Not to Fit In: An Unapologetic Guide to Navigating Autism and ADHD - by Jess Joy and Charlotte Mia
The Neurodivergent Friendly Workbook of DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) Skills - by Sonny Jane Wise
The Pocket Guide to Neurodiversity by Daniel Aherne
The Power of Different: The Link Between Disorder and Genius - by Gail Saltz
Websites with free resources on adult ADHD:
ADDitude - https://www.additudemag.com/
TotallyADD - https://totallyadd.world/
CHADD - https://chadd.org/
ADHD UK - www.adhduk.co.uk
Podcasts:
Online Forums/Groups:
Reddit's ADHD Community (r/ADHD) - https://www.reddit.com/r/ADHD/
ADDitude Forums - https://www.additudemag.com/forums/
CHADD Online Support Groups - https://chadd.org/attending-a-meeting/
TotallyADD Forums - https://totallyadd.world/forums/
Social Media:
Facebook ADHD Groups (ADHD Adults, Adult ADHD Support Group, etc.)
Instagram ADHD Hashtags (#ADHD, #ADHDAdults, #ADHDLife, etc.)
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References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Seidman, L., & Biederman, J. (2010). Is adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ? Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 743-753.DOI: 10.1017/S0033291708004959
Ashinoff, B. K., & Abu-Akel, A. (2021). Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention. Psychological research, 85(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., & Aleardi, M. (2006). Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(4), 524-540. DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0403
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. Guilford Press.
Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(4), 562-575. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29892054/
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Hallowell, E. M., & Ratey, J. J. (2024, May 22). ADHD Is Not a Deficit Disorder. ADDitude. https://www.additudemag.com/attention-deficit-disorder-vast/
Kahveci Öncü, B., & Tutarel Kişlak, Ş. (2022). Marital Adjustment and Marital Conflict in Individuals Diagnosed with ADHD and Their Spouses. Noro psikiyatri arsivi, 59(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.27502
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 302. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28830387/
Knouse, L. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Sprich, S., & Safren, S. A. (2008). Recent developments in the psychosocial treatment of adult ADHD. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(10), 1537-1548. doi: 10.1586/14737175.8.10.1537
Kooij, S. J., Bejerot, S., Blackwell, A., Caci, H., Casas-Brugué, M., Carpentier, P. J., ... & Asherson, P. (2010). European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 67. https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-10-67
Mitchell, J. T., Zylowska, L., & Kollins, S. H. (2015). Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(2), 172-191. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25908900/
Sibley, M. H., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., Hechtman, L. T., Kennedy, T. M., Owens, E., Molina, B. S. G., Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Roy, A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Newcorn, J. H., Rohde, L. A., & MTA Cooperative Group (2022). Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD. The American journal of psychiatry, 179(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21010032
Sonuga-Barke, E., & Thapar, A. (2021). The neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists?. The lancet. Psychiatry, 8(7), 559–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00167-X
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Walker, N. (2014). Neurodiversity: Some Basic Terms & Definitions. Neurocosmopolitanism, 27. https://neuroqueer.com/neurodiversity-terms-and-definitions/
White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 673-677. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019188691000601X
Yu, M., Gao, X., Niu, X., Zhang, M., Yang, Z., Han, S., Cheng, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations of brain in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 1070142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070142
In text links:
ADHD Foundation: Neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists? https://www.adhdfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/The-neurodiversity-concept-is-it-helpful-for-clinicians-and-scientists.pdf
True North Psychology: 'The Hidden Struggle: When High-Functioning ADHD in Adulthood Leads to Burnout and Breakthrough'. By Dr Sara Tookey (2024) https://www.truenorth-psychology.com/post/hidden-struggle-of-high-functioning-adhd-in-adulthood
True North Psychology: "Is Adult ADHD the Latest Trend?" By Dr Sara Tookey https://www.truenorth-psychology.com/post/is-adult-adhd-the-latest-trend
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
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